Process-based analysis of Thinopyrum intermedium phenological development highlights the importance of dual induction for reproductive growth and agronomic performance

Intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey) is being developed for use as a new perennial grain crop through breeding and agronomic research. However, progress has been hampered by lack of understanding environmental requirements flowering production. Therefore, we phenology model IWG adapted from the STICS soil-crop model. The was compliant with experimental results (relative root mean square error = 0.03). optimal vernalizing temperature between 4 5°C, daylength 13 14h, while below 11h slowed reproductive development. Vernalization requirement found to be constraining inductive process. Including photoperiod limitation improved its ability predict induction at various latitudes. timing duration vegetative vs. growth may differ environments change tiller elongation earliness, weed competitiveness, management timing, stress conditions during phases critical yield. Accurate models will enable field inform future strategies. plasticity lead divergent ideotypes under agroecosystems.